grandmother says no matter exactly how we get it we always rely on ice cream on the play area

The Grandmother theory

No matter just how we get it, we always look to gelato on the playground.

Even if contemporary lifestyles have changed the impacts, does it still use? There have actually been other researches that consider this. An anthropological group from London, comprised of Rebecca Sear and also Ruth Mace, recently examined 45 researches that checked out the influence of households on child survival. They found that, overall, the vast bulk of researches demonstrate that modern grandparents have a positive influence on their grandchildren's life expectancy.

These searchings for are, certainly, not unforeseen for several individuals who have actually had grannies in their lives. Raising children is exceptionally stressful, specifically for moms and dads who must likewise take care of many children who are extremely reliant. When taking into consideration the fact that human mommies have many dependent infants at the same time, the extensive period of childhood years reliance and small age gaps that mommies need to emulate further intensify the trouble. Most modern evolutionary anthropologists think that this load is too much for a solitary mommy to bear, and that member of the family need to contribute.

Even if grandma were inaccessible, finding berries in the woods to feed toddlers might not be required in modern times, but visiting grandma while the child remains in the playpen for a gelato is a blessing for contemporary family members. Ladies in traditional societies that have more children at shorter intervals like to be raised around their own mommies, that are made use of as their frequent source of support.

Understanding is found.

There is an essential difference in between grandmother and mother/child relationships: although the grandmother-grandchild connection is less strained, the mother-child relationship is much less direct and lacks comfort and also basic affection. It is stated that Dr. Hawkes connects grannies' better mind size and also the particular qualities related to humankind to them. Monkeys, gorillas, and also orangutans are done in the "individuals" team of primate types, hence their moms' only worry is the children they're elevating. There is now rivalry in between you and also your mother, https://twitter.com/tialillygifts along with all the various other children she is responsible for, as well as you require to get on much better. Resolve listening to me! '… Since we were increased in a household where our grandmother was present, we learned how to engage with and also obtain interest from our enjoyed ones.

As grandmother discusses, her concept is tentative, and others challenge it. Some assume that females, specifically human ladies, survive past their reproductive years for their very own children, rather than for their grandchildren.

An anthropological group from London, made up of Rebecca Sear as well as Ruth Mace, just recently assessed 45 researches that analyzed the influence of families on youngster survival. Raising young children is exceptionally difficult, particularly for parents that must additionally take treatment of several tiny kids that are extremely dependent. Chimpanzees, gorillas, and also orangutans are all in the "people" team of primate types, thus their mommies' only concern is the children they're increasing. There is currently rivalry between you as well as your mommy, as well as all the various other kids she is accountable for, and also you need to get along better.

if youre aiming to begin a present store that is if youre searching for an instance video as well as a evaluation of an online business

OK, what currently? Is it taking place, individuals? Welcome to this up-close personal conversation. Consider the Brand Old Tupton Ware, and also I'm rather thrilled due to the fact that we're mosting likely to be discussing company. I'm mosting likely to discuss exactly how to begin a company. This is the best location to come if you're looking at starting a small company. I will inform you this is an instance I intend to show if you're aiming to stop your work.

Or make additional cash at. The instance I'm going to make use of is beginning a tiny gift shop company on the Net if that's your initial goal. When it concerns beginning a little gift shop store online, OK, we're talking online right here, which is without a doubt the very best way to go because you do not require a shop. You do not require employees. You do not need supply room.

Although you can have inventory space at your home, you do not require to take care of, you understand, leasing a place, and that's what's the great component about the Internet, but when it comes to beginning a gift store, you require a site, so that's the first thing you need. If you require a blog, you require a web site, as well as as soon as you have a blog and also site, you can upload your web content there. You can publish the things that you're selling on your present shop blogging internet site like tialilly.com.

You can, you know, share that details with people you recognize; people that constantly ask you about your organization tell them to go to personalised new mum gifts your site as well as check it out; that is sort of the process you can begin in this is just an instance. If you're seeking to begin a gift store, that is, if you're seeking an instance video clip as well as a testimonial of an online company.

But you can take that and also apply it. You do require a site. You do require to have your product or services around and also, despite whether you're developing your product or services, which I 'd wish you're not, you're marketing other individuals's products and services, which holds true.

Finest method to go since you don't have to create it yourself and also you understand you can sell great deals of people's things, so When it involves this strategy, it does not stop there, OK. The factor I'm doing a testimonial of it is that it is very important to understand this to get rid of a lot of the reasons that individuals do not make any kind of money on the web or in business as a whole, which is because they start a local business online, whether it's with a gift store blog site or a few other retail.

Or perhaps conventional company if you want to go by doing this and begin, and also they do not recognize what to do, so what do they do? OK, and also I understand some of you are watching this video understand a person in your life who's done this. They speak to their family and friends since they don't know what to do, so they have a service. It's all ready to speak with their loved ones about it, message fliers all over the place, most likely to Craigslist and also post a number of ads all over the place.

They don't understand what they're doing. They go as well as possibility individuals that don't even understand that the hell they are as well as individuals that they mosted likely to senior high school with. They finished like half a century back, and they go and prospect them. It's not awesome, it's ineffective, which's what the majority of the population does when they begin a company, which's why I would urge you, particularly starting an on-line company, to market yourself discover just how to utilize destination advertising systems to position on your own to brand on your own as well as attract people who are searching for what you need to provide

.

You recognize there are individuals available on the net looking for what you need to offer and also wanting to find out to attract an unlimited variety of those people to you as well as what you need to provide. By doing this, it does not matter what you're selling via your blog. It matters not what type of service you get going with on the Internet can find out how to use on-line systems to draw in those people to you.

You can advertise any type of gift services or product. Like the on the internet Gift shop, Tialilly has actually performed with ceramic pottery, Night Lighting and also Spectacle stand. Keeping that understanding and skill set, you can quickly construct a massive company as well as company for yourself rather than going out as well as pitching or spamming people, which is just not cool down, so elevate on your own far more above the competition. As you can see, advertising and marketing is basic and really simple.

You learn how to do that with any type of product and services. It's a breeze. I'm not claiming you'll get results overnight or in your very first month. Working hard, working hard, is not a work where you earn money paycheck to income. With the business owner's state of mind, you're an entrepreneur that you can do whatever it takes and treat this as if it were a college.

Where you're willing to invest in that education since you recognize exactly how fantastic of a resource it's mosting likely to offer worth to you, just like individuals who don't want to end up being medical professionals as well as dentists. They do not get their level for their MBA. They do not obtain their certification the initial week; they don't get it the first month; they do not get it the first, you recognize, six months. I want you people to keep that in mind due to the fact that I recognize several of you may be looking for a fast repair making extra cash, as well as organization isn't for you

.

If that holds true, if you want to construct an internet business or any kind of business product or service you intend to promote, I would motivate you to discover to market yourself, just how to make use of the Net, and how to make use of tourist attraction marketing systems online to attract an infinite variety of people to you, regardless of the services or product, so you can go out there and squash it.

I hope you enjoy talking with me, and also if you 'd such as to discover more concerning the finer points, you're coachable and also trainable, you're eager to learn points all. You intend to discover how to build a business online, have a life at the same time, bring in people to you, get individuals hunting you down as opposed to you hunting them down.

when it pertains to beginning a small present shop store online ok were talking online below which is by far the very best way

OK, what currently? Is it going on, people? Welcome to this up-close personal discussion. Look at the Brand Old Tupton Ware, as well as I'm rather excited due to the buy glasses holder fact that we're going to be speaking about service. I'm going to discuss how to start a company. This is the best location to come if you're looking at starting a small business. If you're looking to stop your job, I will certainly tell you this is an example I want to highlight.

Or make additional money at first. If that's your initial objective, then the example I'm mosting likely to make use of is beginning a little present shop business online. When it involves beginning a little present shop store on the web, OK, we're chatting online here, which is without a doubt the most effective method to go due to the fact that you do not require a store front. You do not require employees. You don't need supply room.

You can have supply room at your residence, you do not require to deal with, you recognize, renting out a place, and that's what's the great part regarding the Internet, yet when it comes to beginning a gift store, you need a site, so that's the first point you need. If you need a blog, you require a site, as well as as soon as you have a blog site and site, you can post your material there. You can upload the things that you're selling on your gift shop blogging website like tialilly.com.

You can, you recognize, share that information with people you know; people that always ask you about your service tell them to head to your site as well as check it out; that is type of the process you can begin in this is just an instance. If you're looking to begin a gift shop, that is, if you're searching for an instance video and an evaluation of an on-line business.

However you can take that and use it. You do require an internet site. You do need to have your product or services out there as well as, regardless of whether you're producing your product or services, which I 'd hope you're not, you're selling other individuals's products and services, which is the case.

Best way to go because you do not need to create it yourself as well as you know you can sell great deals of individuals's things, so When it pertains to this technique, it doesn't stop there, OK. The reason I'm doing a testimonial of it is that it is essential to recognize this to get over a great deal of the reasons that people don't make any type of cash on the web or in organization as a whole, which is due to the fact that they begin a small company online, whether it's with a present shop blog or a few other retail.

And even conventional service if you want to go in this way as well as get going, and they do not know what to do, so what do they do? OK, and I recognize some of you are seeing this video clip understand someone in your life that's done this. They talk to their friends and family since they don't understand what to do, so they have an organization. It's all ready to talk to their loved ones concerning it, post fliers all over the place, most likely to Craigslist and post a bunch of advertisements all over the place.

They don't understand what they're doing. They go and also prospect people that do not also understand who the heck they are as well as individuals that they went to secondary school with. They graduated like 50 years ago, and they go and possibility them. It's not trendy, it's ineffective, and that's what most of the populace does when they start a business, and that's why I would encourage you, specifically beginning an online service, to market yourself find out exactly how to make use of destination advertising systems to position on your own to brand name yourself as well as bring in individuals that are looking for what you have to use

.

You know there are individuals around on the Internet trying to find what you have to provide and also looking to find out to draw in an endless number of those people to you as well as what you need to use. That way, it does not matter what you're marketing with your blog. It matters not what kind of business you get going with on the net can learn just how to make use of on the internet systems to draw in those individuals to you.

You can promote any kind of gift service or product. Like the on the internet Gift shop, Tialilly has performed with ceramic pottery, Evening Lighting and also Phenomenon stand. With that expertise and also skill set, you can quickly develop an enormous company and service for yourself instead of going out and also pitching or spamming people, which is just not cool, so raise yourself much more above the competition. As you can see, advertising and marketing is extremely easy and standard.

You discover exactly how to do that with any kind of product or service. It's a piece of cake. I'm not stating you'll obtain outcomes over night or in your first month. Working hard, working hard, is not a work where you make money paycheck to income. With the business owner's mindset, you're a business owner that you can do whatever it takes and treat this as if it were an university.

Where you agree to purchase that education because you know just how wonderful of a source it's going to offer worth to you, similar to people that do not intend to become dental experts as well as medical professionals. They do not obtain their level for their MBA. They do not get their certificate the very first week; they do not get it the very first month; they do not get it the initial, you recognize, 6 months. So I want you individuals to maintain that in mind due to the fact that I know a number of you might be trying to find a quick fix making additional money, as well as organization isn't for you

.

If that holds true, if you intend to construct a net business or any type of service service or product you want to promote, I would urge you to find out to market on your own, just how to make use of the Web, and how to use destination advertising systems online to attract an unlimited number of individuals to you, no matter the services or product, so you can go out there as well as squash it.

I wish you take pleasure in talking with me, as well as if you want to learn more regarding the finer points, you're coachable and trainable, you want to learn points okay. You intend to find out exactly how to build a service online, have a life at the same time, attract people to you, obtain individuals searching you down instead of you searching them down.

you do require a internet site like old tupton ware

OK, what currently? Is it taking place, guys? Welcome to this up-close individual discussion. Check out the Brand Name Old Tupton Ware, as well as I'm pretty thrilled because we're going to be discussing company. I'm mosting likely to speak about how to begin a business. If you're considering beginning a local business, this is the appropriate place ahead. I will inform you this is an instance I wish to show if you're wanting to quit your task.

Or make additional money at first. If that's your initial goal, then the instance I'm going to use is beginning a tiny gift shop business on the web. When it pertains to starting a tiny gift shop store on the net, OK, we're speaking online below, which is without http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Shopping online guide a doubt the best way to go because you don't need a store front. You do not need employees. You don't require stock room.

Although you can have supply space at your residence, you do not need to manage, you recognize, renting a location, which's what's the cool part about the Web, however when gifts for mum it comes to starting a present shop, you require a site, to make sure that's the first thing you need. If you need a blog, you need a site, and when you have a blog site and also web site, you can upload your web content there. You can publish the things that you're selling on your gift store blogging internet site like tialilly.com.

You can, you know, share that info with individuals you understand; people that constantly ask you concerning your business tell them to head to your site as well as check it out; that is type of the process you can start in this is simply an example. If you're wanting to start a present store, that is, if you're searching for an instance video and a testimonial of an on-line organization.

But you can take that as well as use it. You do require a site. You do require to have your services and products around and, despite whether you're producing your products and services, which I 'd hope you're not, you're selling other people's products and services, which holds true.

Best method to go due to the fact that you do not have to create it on your own as well as you understand you can offer lots of people's stuff, so When it pertains to this method, it does not quit there, OK. The factor I'm doing an evaluation of it is that it is very important to recognize this to overcome a lot of the reasons that individuals don't make any type of money on the web or in company as a whole, and that is since they start a local business online, whether it's with a gift shop blog site or some other retail.

Or perhaps traditional organization if you wish to go that way and get started, as well as they do not recognize what to do, so what do they do? OK, as well as I understand a few of you are seeing this video clip recognize someone in your life who's done this. They talk to their friends and family since they do not understand what to do, so they have a business. It's all ready to speak to their friends and family concerning it, blog post fliers everywhere, go to Craigslist and also upload a bunch of advertisements all over the place.

They don't recognize what they're doing. They go and prospect individuals that do not also understand who the hell they are as well as individuals that they mosted likely to secondary school with. They finished like half a century ago, as well as they go and also prospect them. It's not great, it's ineffective, and that's what most of the population does when they start a service, which's why I would urge you, specifically starting an online company, to market on your own learn just how to utilize attraction advertising systems to position yourself to brand yourself and draw in individuals who are seeking what you have to use

.

You know there are people available online searching for what you have to use and seeking to learn to draw in an endless number of those individuals to you and what you have to use. In this way, it matters not what you're selling with your blog. It does not matter what sort of organization you begin with on the net can discover just how to utilize online systems to bring in those individuals to you.

You can promote any type of present service or product. Like the on-line Gift store, Tialilly has made with ceramic pottery, Evening Lights as well as Phenomenon stand. With that said understanding and also capability, you can quickly develop an enormous organization and organization on your own rather than heading out and also pitching or spamming individuals, which is simply not cool, so boost on your own far more above the competition. As you can see, advertising is standard and also really basic.

You discover just how to do that with any kind of services or product. It's a breeze. I'm not claiming you'll get outcomes over night or in your very first month. Working hard, striving, is not a job where you get paid income to paycheck. With the entrepreneur's frame of mind, you're an entrepreneur that you can do whatever it takes and also treat this as if it were a college.

Where you agree to buy that education and learning due to the fact that you understand how fantastic of a source it's mosting likely to offer value to you, much like people who don't want to become doctors and dental experts. They do not get their level for their MBA. They don't obtain their certificate the initial week; they do not get it the initial month; they don't get it the very first, you recognize, 6 months. So I desire you men to maintain that in mind because I know most of you may be seeking a quick fix making extra money, and organization isn't for you

.

If that's the case, if you wish to construct a web service or any kind of service product or service you want to promote, I would certainly motivate you to discover to market on your own, how to utilize the Internet, and also how to make use of tourist attraction advertising systems online to attract a limitless variety of individuals to you, despite the product and services, so you can head out there and squash it.

I hope you enjoy talking with me, and if you wish to learn more about the finer factors, you're trainable as well as coachable, you agree to find out things okay. You intend to find out just how to develop a company online, have a life at the same time, bring in individuals to you, get individuals hunting you down as opposed to you hunting them down.

grandma ive got my cup of tea this morning

I hope you're having a wonderful day today. I've obtained my favorite today. I'm consuming chamomile as well as orange blossom. It's a good tea. I normally have chamomile in the evening, yet it's um it's fairly soothing as well as a nice, many gentle way to start the day, so I'm mosting likely to hope that you're doing the same point if you obtained a cup of coffee or tea. You know, taking a seat relaxing, simply getting ready for one more remarkable day.

Um I was going to ask a inquiry I haven't asked us in a while, and also I'm really interested how several birthday celebrations we have this month that's obtained a birthday celebration or some special occasion that they're commemorating since the subject I desire to talk to you concerning today is gifts for older women and also you understand when it's approaching our birthday celebration you know our pals or our household could say to us you understand what do you want for your birthday and also generally we recognize we state things like oh don't trouble I do not buy me any kind of

point

I've got whatever I require, or you understand I don't fret, I don't require anything. A little heart of hearts we think perhaps it would be wonderful as well. We fill in the spaces well, of course, our youngsters and also our close friends are not mind viewers's so we have to offer them some pointers and so what would certainly be a really wonderful present for us, and I believe the initial item of guidance I would give to them and you can you understand, or you do not want to provide it to them on your own.

But I wish they would acknowledge which is not to buy presents that are stereotypes of older females. You understand the kind of thing that you think an older female might desire based upon a stereotype, so don't assume that every woman over 60 intends to weaved or wants to, you know, collect oh I don't know, little figurines to put on there on their window step you know we are a team of ladies in our 60s with very unique and kind of lively tastes we have transformed as we have actually grown older. We do not put a lot worth on things any longer.

on right stuff, we look for various things we look for experience, and we search for means to meet our enthusiasms now some you recognize it's as easy as asking you recognize like you well if you're taking note of them as an as a buddy or as an as a mommy you recognize you're you get to know sort of what we such as to do so it should not be all that difficult, however I think that in some cases it works to consider just how you understand we check out presents as well as just how we communicate what we like to

individuals that may intend to acquire this one you understand several of us are collectors we gather you understand so the same thing, for example, I like to accumulate crystal anything crystal or rocks I love the feeling the texture of rocks, and you recognize from quartz and purple and also topaz I I'm always interested by touching them and seeing the various means they can establish in nature, so I'm a large kaleidoscope individual – I like kaleidoscopes, yet these are you know these are points that hopefully they will certainly

l know gradually are your little treasures you know points that you would like I believe it's also crucial to advise them that you recognize we are not so interested any longer crazes might a great deal of us are downsizing this is something that we've spoken about on 16 may sometimes that we value you recognize having even more experience and also even more time with them than we do require another point and so we don't want more mess in our residence we desire simplicity, and also we want you to understand gee

I was amusing lizard uncle whenever our blog writer has said that she always claims to people that she likes things in tiny blue boxes you recognize like a Tiffany box, yet it's not a lot the box it's it's just that the little points that make all the distinction, so you recognize she claimed she's had you understand why do not have cheese grater is offered to her and all examples in little boxes and she delights in simply that you know that that motion so I think that offering experiences is equally as crucial

as giving an thing

so maybe you might advise a massage therapy or exactly how around just a weekend break trip someplace you understand perhaps a coupon on Airbnb or regarding your on you understand among the hotels that are in the location sometimes I enjoy going to a resort nearby you recognize to obtain an low-cost price and also take my notebook and create or look out of the window you recognize a shop in a new little town most likely to a cafe so in some cases that's a wonderful present just providing a day pass to another location to ensure that time you understand you can have that adventure

Maybe a flick or I took it to the flicks or a ticket to the cinema these are the arcs are presents of experience, so when someone asks you, you can always state that's something that you would certainly be interested in, as well as then it's up to them to figure out what they what experience you would such as another point that individuals often you recognize one for a gift is in our groupage team age group is something elegant something that we would not generally obtain for ourselves

You know something like a vintage item some uncommon item of fashion jewelry I obtained a little broach or earring something tiny as well as something that every time you understand they use it we'll consider the individual that gave it to us so are you a kind of a jewelry individual do you such as little presents of fashion jewelry or maybe a headscarf I imply I have to have I don't recognize I have a great deal of scarves because individuals recognize I like headscarfs. I obtain great deals of presents of scarves.

I enjoy them. They don't take much room, as well as I had you put them up around my residence often um you look into a light or uses decoration. Therefore, headscarfs are an additional excellent concept an additional thing to do is to offer the present of a video like a appeal video clip or fashion video clip. Certainly, we have our charm videos with the Aryan swimming pool, we have a style video clip with Melanie in Milan, and afterwards we have our yoga videos. These are points that are experienced or presents that you might suggest.

Certainly, there are lots, and lots of other individuals who do incredible video clips that would certainly make ideal presents if you like that as a has something to do another thing that females over 60 like to do is discover so an additional suggestion for a present may be a path to a class we have this some course right here in Zurich called maybe that's all curiosity courses or yeah I assume there's a curiosity class. They are held a number of times a year, and also you go and learn unusual things, and they're really fun, and they are among those costs that you wouldn't typically buy for yourself.

so it's sort of wonderful to allow someone to obtain one for you, and there are great deals of food preparation classes other things like that that you could want to learn so these behave suggestions to make as well are you considering gifts as we're accompanying below you got a birthday celebration coming I suggest you ought to make sure to request for points if someone asks you what sort of gift you can state oh I love a food preparation course or just how concerning a helicopter flight or you can think about something unique that will it all stun them and aid to reinforce a brand-new collection of stereotypes for who you are

I suggest, of course, one thing you could suggest or perhaps purchase for on your own is something risque, maybe a nice new piece of undergarments bra or even some ice simply nightie or you know something a film a little sexy movie like Fifty Tones of Grey I have not viewed that, but so I'm possibly recommending it at fault, but that's one alternative there's you recognize the Anais Nin did a publication called the Delta of Venus her job was constantly very seductive and sensual.

That's an additional idea or maybe a fragrance just something that makes them really feel in a mission for unique and sensual there's a person, so I think it's called the best scent ever and it's a site where you can develop and also go whips her fume especially for the woman that you look possibly you 'd such as to inspect that out provide them a little tip I such as sandalwood and also lavender, and they can then make something for you this your special fragrance

it's alright it's a excellent concept actually that provide something innovative tinting publication pencils I indicate you can suggest that I believe that once more it gets back to stereotypes if individuals ask you what presents you 'd such as or you're trying to buy a present for a person over sixty you know don't return to the default believe what do they like as individuals well that individual likes to take a trip so possibly

I'll acquire them up a publication, a manual or something you recognize, a amazing baggage tag or something various a memory provides a memory of his memories and also experience I think are the best. Certainly, inspirational things there are some beautiful sites nowadays I can't off the top of my head list them however where you can obtain posters as well as little mission statements regarding the life you understand in Europe well not just in new 60s yet when you're declaring on your own redefining who you are taking time for yourself, and also you can go and also acquire these beautiful little schedules.

Papaya is one I love. I have a papaya journal, as well as on each web page, there is a little quote or something motivational, as well as also I have a poster that I obtained. I think I obtained it from papaya. They do beautiful kind of goddess themed posters, and you know be fearless and enjoy the method you are as well as simply those simply little declarations on a bag there's a adorable little purse that you can buy, so those type of inspiring presents are cold so and also perhaps put a little candle light or some incense.

yet guaranteed currently I'm simply providing you these as ideas for you to provide to a person, yet you could additionally be making notes below if you've obtained a present to purchase for an older individual and you recognize to buy something that's going to make them think about you each time they oak or utilize it or wear it or experience it, and that's what a present should be, as well as I do not wait on birthdays or any type of day of the year I type of think about a person sent them something even if it's just a card Mayo celebrate

Gift-giving as a shared experience that's a amazing idea so as well as likewise publications, of course, I'm making check out my notes here I suggest you have actually got some charming inspirational publications by spiritual leaders by individuals that are a lot more conventional as well as extra Lindbergh the present from the sea is one I offer to a great deal of people. There are others that you understand that you could have personally had an add-on to that you would love to share.

I think that asked her partners to find to a celebration she's having

a party for her birthday celebration, as well as she claimed to bring their preferred book that was a present for her to bring their favorite book. I assumed that was a actually wonderful point to ask and in an intriguing present suggestion so if a person states what would certainly you such as one present would certainly you like for whatever say um provide me your favored book I assume that's a trendy idea maybe that's an suggestion for you to follow so anyway I wish that's worked and also offering you some bright ideas for somebody that could want to purchase.

You a gift or if you have actually obtained somebody that you wish to buy for that would be a excellent some excellent concepts, okay so I do really hope that you have actually enjoyed http://maps.google.com/url?q=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ORzzariXwo this today as well as been you understand influenced a little bit by the suggestions and also the suggestions as well as I will hope you have a great day today you know head out as well as do something enjoyable on your own acquire yourself a present acquire something quite priceless for you and also you know the concern for the day is merely what existing would you such as to obtain.